Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
E-ISSN: 2722-0842 | P-ISSN: 2721-8309
Menu
  • Home
  • Aims and Scope
  • Announcements
  • Issue
    • Current
    • Archives
  • Peer Reviewers
  • Editorial Team
  • Search
  • History
Search
  • Register
  • Login
LogoJISDeP_Baru1
  1. Home
  2. Archives
  3. Vol 6 No 2 (2025): August
  4. Research Paper

Environmental Security in Belt and Road Initiative Green Development Coalition (BRIGC): A Study of Pakistan, Kenya, and Indonesia

  • Yohana Valentine Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Jember, Indonesia
  • Agus Trihartono Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Jember, Indonesia
  • Bagus Sigit Sunarko Department of International Relations, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Jember, Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v6i2.815

Abstract

This study examines the efficacy of the Belt and Road Initiative Green Development Coalition (BRIGC) in balancing China's economic interests with environmental security in BRI partner countries, namely Pakistan, Kenya, and Indonesia. Using a descriptive qualitative and case study approach, the research is based on Barry Buzan's theory of security expansion and the concept of Anthropocentrism. The analysis reveals that, although BRIGC promotes green development, weaknesses in policy enforcement, limited authority, and inability to bind partner countries continue to cause BRI projects produce environmental damage, debt dependency, and threats to human security. In all three countries, BRI projects reflect an anthropocentric development model, where the state’s economic interests take precedence over environmental protection and community welfare. This study concludes that the BRIGC has been unable to fulfill its function as an effective green coalition in promoting sustainable development.


Views: 3778
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.

References

AidData. (n.d.). Project. Retrieved May 31, 2025, from AidData website: https://china.aiddata.org/projects/61320/

Ali, Q., Khayyam, U., & Nazar, U. (2021). Energy production and CO2 emissions: The case of coal-fired power plants under China Pakistan economic corridor. Journal of Cleaner Production, 281, 124974. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124974

Ali, T. Z., & Askari, M. U. (2023). Impacts of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor on the Natural Environment of Pakistan. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 7(IV). doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2023(7-iv)58

Ambani, M. M., & Mulaku, G. C. (2021). GIS Assessment of Environmental Footprints of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) on Nairobi National Park, Kenya. Journal of Environmental Protection, 12(10), 694–716. doi.org/10.4236/jep.2021.1210042

Aslam, H., Nazir, A., Ur, U., & Zia, R. (2021). Thar coalfield: Prospects and challenges. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep34174.5

Baniya, S., Rocha, N., & Ruta, M. (2020). Trade effects of the New Silk Road: A gravity analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 146, 102467. doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102467

Boer, D., Wang, C. N., & Fan, D. (2022). Interpretation: Opinions on the joint implementation of green development in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by four ministries. Green Finance & Development Center. Retrieved from https://greenfdc.org/interpretation-opinions-on-the-joint-implementation-of-green-development-in-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-by-four-ministries/

Bootwalla, A. (2020, March 5). Shadow of debt over Mombasa port. Retrieved May 29, 2025, from 2020 Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations website: https://www.gatewayhouse.in/mombasa-port/#_ftn3

BRIGC. (2020). BRI International Green Development Coalition 2020 Policy Study Series: Green Development Guidance for BRI Projects Baseline Study Report. Retrieved from www.brigc.net

BRIGC. (2021a). Green Development Guidance for BRI Projects Phase II Task 2: Guide for Key BRI Sectors Highways and Railways. Beijing. Retrieved from www.brigc.net

BRIGC. (2021b). Research on Green Development of Transportation in BRI Countries. Retrieved from www.brigc.net

BRIGC. (2021c, October 28). Roundtable covers greening of BRI. Media Center. Retrieved from http://en.brigc.net/Media_Center/Specials/BRFGSF_8797/

Butt, J. A., Nergis, Y., Allauddin, U., Sharif, M., Khan, S. Y., & Khan, A. (2023). Impact of coal quality on power plant and environment: assessment of physiochemical and ash composition of Thar coal from Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16(8). doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11552-5

Chen, X., Hutahaean, M., & Tobing, I. N. (2024, July 2). A Ground-Breaking Railway: Is the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway a Game-Changer for Indonesia?

China Dialogue. (2020, August 4). Indonesia: Jakarta–Bandung high-speed rail line faltered amid floods, poor management and environmental concerns. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. Retrieved from https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/indonesia-jakartabandung-high-speed-rail-line-faltered-amid-floods-poor-management-and-environmental-concerns-2/

Constantine, A. (2023). DEBT, DISPLACEMENT, AND BIODIVERSITY LOSS. Retrieved from www.globalforestcoalition.org

Geng, Q., & Lo, K. (2023). China’s Green Belt and Road Initiative: transnational environmental governance and causal pathways of orchestration. Environmental Politics, 32(7), 1163–1185. doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2022.2156176

Global Energy Monitor. (2025, January 25). Thar Block II power station. Retrieved February 26, 2025, from Global Coal Plant Tracker website: https://www.gem.wiki/Thar_Block_II_power_station

Green Finance & Development Center. (2021, December 13). New Guidance for Green Development for BRI Projects – second phase report to scale up green finance and green development. Retrieved May 24, 2025, from https://greenfdc.org/green-development-guidance-for-bri-project-traffic-light-system-phase-2/

Hagler Bailly Pakistan. (2016). 330 MW Coal-Fired Power Plant in Energy Park, Block II Thar Coalfields: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. Karachi.

Hilton, I. (2019). How China’s Big Overseas Initiative Threatens Global Climate Progress. The Yale School of the Environment. Retrieved from https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-chinas-big-overseas-initiative-threatens-climate-progress

Huang, C., Qin, Y., Du, X., He, J., & Fan, X. (2022). Ecosystem health and environmental geography in the Belt and Road regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 5843. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105843

IESR. (2024, December 16). Tandatangan MoU dengan BRIGC: IESR Dorong Kerja Sama Tiongkok dan Indonesia yang Mendukung Ambisi Iklim dan Transisi Energi. Retrieved June 1, 2025, from https://iesr.or.id/tandatangan-mou-dengan-brigc-iesr-dorong-kerja-sama-tiongkok-dan-indonesia-yang-mendukung-ambisi-iklim-dan-transisi-energi/

IESR. (2025). About Us. Retrieved June 1, 2025, from https://iesr.or.id/en/about-us/

Indonesia Business Post. (2024, February 15). KAI gets financing from China Development Bank for Jakarta-Bandung HSR project. Retrieved from https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/2071/investment-and-risk/kai-gets-financing-from-china-development-bank-for-jakarta-bandung-hsr-project

JICA. (2015). Feasibility Study for Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway Project Phase I: Final Report.

Kamau, M. (2024, November 13). Kenya’s SGR Loan: Taxpayers Face Over KSh 1.7 Billion in Penalties Due to Defaulted Chinese Debt. Serrari Investment News. Retrieved from https://serrarigroup.com/kenyas-sgr-loan-taxpayers-face-over-ksh-1-7-billion-in-penalties-due-to-defaulted-chinese-debt/

KCIC. (2023, October 23). Pastikan Keamanan Jalur Guna Keselamatan, KCIC Sampaikan Permohonan Maaf Pada Perjalanan Kereta Cepat Whoosh Yang Sempat Tertahan. Retrieved June 1, 2025, from KCIC website: https://kcic.co.id/kcic-siaran-pers/pastikan-keamanan-jalur-guna-keselamatan-kcic-sampaikan-permohonan-maaf-pada-perjalanan-kereta-cepat-whoosh-yang-sempat-tertahan/#:~:text=KCIC%20juga%20sudah%20memasang%20berbagai,kembali%20terulang%2C%E2%80%9D%20tutup%20Eva.

Kell, F. (2023, May 31). Kenya’s debt struggles go far deeper than Chinese loans. Retrieved May 29, 2025, from Chatham House website: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/05/kenyas-debt-struggles-go-far-deeper-chinese-loans

Khaliq, A. (2023, May 16). Pakistan’s debt from China becomes burden as CPEC does not generate enough growth. Retrieved February 28, 2025, from COMMITTEE FOR THE ABOLITION OF ILLEGITIMATE DEBT website: https://www.cadtm.org/Pakistan-s-debt-from-China-becomes-burden-as-CPEC-does-not-generate-enough

Khatoon, A., & Sakeena. (2022). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: an analysis of its role in global peace, development, and implications. Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS), 3(2), 40–61. doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/3.2.3

Lape, O. A., Mwagha, S. M., & Siljander, M. (2023). Quantifying the environmental impact of standard gauge railway (SGR) on land cover changes along the Nairobi-Kiambu corridor from 2016 to 2019. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 27(4), 21–37. doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2023/v27i4677

Malik, A. (2023). LOCAL COAL FOR POWER GENERATION IN PAKISTAN.

Maliszewska, M., & Mensbrugghe, D. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative Economic, Poverty and Environmental Impacts (No. 8814). Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/research.

Mati, M. (2024). Kenya’s Debt Treadmill: The China Portfolio 2000-2024. Nairobi.

Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives. (2024a). 660MW Engro Thar Coal Power Project. Retrieved February 24, 2025, from CPEC Secretariat website: https://cpec.gov.pk/project-details/3

Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives. (2024b). Ministry of Planning clarifies Western Media fresh report on CPEC. CPEC Secretariat. Retrieved from https://cpec.gov.pk/news/123

Myllyvirta, L. (2020). Air quality, health and toxics impacts of the proposed coal mining and power cluster in Thar, Pakistan.

Nabiilah, R. A., & Sari, D. S. (2024). China’s Debt Trap in Indonesia: A Case Study of the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail Project. Ilomata International Journal of Social Science, 5(1), 302–313. https://doi.org/10.61194/ijss.v5i1.1113

Nedopil, C. (2023). China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2023 H1. Shanghai. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.13892.19841

Nedopil, C. (2025). Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative. Shanghai. Retrieved from www.greenfdc.org

Ng, E. (2025, January 27). Belt and road: Chinese power firms install record capacity with reliance on fossil fuels. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/business/article/3296451/belt-and-road-chinese-power-firms-install-record-capacity-reliance-fossil-fuels

Nguntjinazo, O. (2025, March 9). Chinese loans to Africa rise for first time in 7 years. Retrieved May 29, 2025, from Deutsche Welle website: https://www.dw.com/en/chinese-loans-to-africa-rise-for-first-time-in-7-years/a-70123303

Nurgozhayeva, R. (2024). The Belt and Road Initiative and Sustainability: a Driving Force for Change or a Missed Opportunity? Chinese Journal of Environmental Law, 8(2), 119–166. doi.org/10.1163/24686042-12340120

Nyumba, T. O., Sang, C. C., Olago, D. O., Marchant, R., Waruingi, L., Githiora, Y., … Omangi, S. (2021). Assessing the ecological impacts of transportation infrastructure development: A reconnaissance study of the Standard Gauge Railway in Kenya. PLoS ONE, 16(1 January). doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246248

People’s Republic of China. (2019). Charter of the BRI International Green Development Coalition. Beijing.

Political Economy. (2022, December 5). What is green Belt and Road Initiative? How China is making BRI environment and climate friendly? Youtube. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/Ajfoyl5j7Qw?si=zc_jYriNQRez0X1i

Purba, A., Nakamura, F., Purba, T., Rahmadi, E., & Herianto, D. (2020). Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail project, facts and challenges. doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/918/1/012034

Rachman, A., & Lamboge, A. A. (2020, July 28). Bungled Jakarta–Bandung high-speed rail line causes chaos. Retrieved June 1, 2025, from Dialogue Earth website: https://dialogue.earth/en/pollution/bungled-jakarta-bandung-high-speed-rail-line-causes-chaos/

Rafiq, A. (2020, September 22). China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Debt-Trap or Game Changer? Retrieved June 25, 2025, from CPECWire website: https://cpecwire.com/analysis/china-pakistan-economic-corridor-what-is-cpec-faq/

Secretariat of BRIGC. (2021). BRI GREEN REVIEW 2019 COLLECTION.

Shen, Q., Pan, Y., & Feng, Y. (2023). The impacts of high-speed railway on environmental sustainability: Quasi-experimental evidence from China. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 228. doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02135-6

Tsavo Trust. (2025). How the SGR Railway affects elephants. Retrieved March 15, 2025, from https://tsavotrust.org/how-the-sgr-railway-affects-elephants/#:~:text=Conflict%20and%20connectivity,human%20safety%20and%20elephant%20survival.

UNEP. (2020, September 9). The Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition (BRIGC). Retrieved March 24, 2025, from https://www.unep.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/belt-and-road-initiative-international-green

United States Government Accountability Office. (2024). INTERNATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS: China’s Investments Significantly Outpace the U.S., and Experts Suggest Potential Improvements to the U.S. Approach. Washington, DC.

US GAO. (2024). INTERNATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS: China’s Investments Significantly Outpace the U.S., and Experts Suggest Potential Improvements to the U.S. Approach. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-24-106866.pdf

Wijaya, T. (2024, July 22). Jakarta–Bandung High-Speed Railway. Retrieved May 31, 2025, from The People’s Map of Global China website: https://thepeoplesmap.net/project/jakarta-bandung-high-speed-railway/

Xia, Y. (2019). Influence through Infrastructure: Contesting the Chinese-Built Standard Gauge Railway in Kenya. Retrieved from https://africog.org/wp-

Xinhua. (2024, July 21). Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway saves fuel, boosts economy: Indonesian minister. Xinhua Net. Retrieved from https://english.news.cn/20240721/e8e5c45ad76a44798222b7e3834d6923/c.html

Xinhua, & Jianghui, D. (2022, August 3). Chinese-built Mombasa-Nairobi SGR helps increase environmental awareness. Retrieved March 11, 2025, from Belt and Road website: http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/beltandroad/2022-08/03/content_78354777_6.htm

Yonghong, L. (2021). The Roundtable on BRI Green Development and BRI International Green Development Coalition (BRIGC) Policy Studies Release 2021.

Yonghong, L., Fang, T., Ning, P., Panwen, L., Wenkai, Z., Gongtao, L., & Haishan, Z. (2020). BRI Green Development Case Study Report (2020). Beijing. Retrieved from www.brigc.net

Zhu, A. L., Weins, N., Lu, J., Harlan, T., Qian, J., & Barbi Seleguim, F. (2024). China’s nature-based solutions in the Global South: Evidence from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Global Environmental Change, 86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102842


  • Recommendation Article
Recommendation Article
  • A Policy Implementation Review of the Free Nutritious Meal (MBG) Program
    36
  • Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of University Students towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
    29
  • Land Consolidation Policy in Addressing Slums and Tidal Flooding: A Case Study of Kampung Bugisan
    28
  • Reinvigorating Sustainable Green Economics in Indonesia: Exploring the Nexus between Global Green Economy Index and SDG 8
    26
  • Overcoming Structural Barriers in Shrimp Downstreaming: Toward Sustainable Aquaculture in Sumbawa Island
    24
  • Kim, Youna. (Ed.). The Soft Power of the Korean Wave: Parasite, BTS and Drama (1st ed.)
    23
  • Seasonal Waste Management in the Southern Coasts of Bali, Indonesia
    22
  • Strategy for Internationalizing Indonesian Higher Education Institutions to Enhance Global Competitiveness
    22
  • The Development of Social Forestry in Indonesia: Policy Implementation Review, 2007-2019
    21
  • Water Quality Assessment at Consumption Points in High School Campuses in the Province of Antique, Philippines
    20

Keywords:

BRIGC Belt and Road Initiative Pakistan Kenya Indonesia
Galleys
  •   PDF
  • Total Downloads: 16
 
 
Published
2025-08-29
How to Cite
More Citation Formats
ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver
ValentineY., Trihartono A., & Sunarko B. S. (2025). Environmental Security in Belt and Road Initiative Green Development Coalition (BRIGC): A Study of Pakistan, Kenya, and Indonesia. The Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning, 6(2), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.46456/jisdep.v6i2.815

Download Citation
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX
Issue
Vol 6 No 2 (2025): August
Section
Research Paper
 
 

Copyright (c) 2025 Yohana Valentine, Agus Trihartono , Bagus Sigit Sunarko

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license.

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories, pre-print sites, or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater dissemination of published work.
  • Submit a Paper

<ahref="https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?search_mode=content&and_facet_source_title=jour.1388694"> <img title="Dimensions " src="https://thumbs2.imgbox.com/f2/a6/iV0vKcPH_t.png" alt="DESKRIPSI GAMBAR" width="175" height="65" border="none" /> </a></p>

Information
  • For Readers
  • For Authors
  • For Librarians
Most read last week
  • A Policy Implementation Review of the Free Nutritious Meal (MBG) Program
    36
  • Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of University Students towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
    29
  • Land Consolidation Policy in Addressing Slums and Tidal Flooding: A Case Study of Kampung Bugisan
    28
  • Reinvigorating Sustainable Green Economics in Indonesia: Exploring the Nexus between Global Green Economy Index and SDG 8
    26
  • Overcoming Structural Barriers in Shrimp Downstreaming: Toward Sustainable Aquaculture in Sumbawa Island
    24
  • Kim, Youna. (Ed.). The Soft Power of the Korean Wave: Parasite, BTS and Drama (1st ed.)
    23
  • Seasonal Waste Management in the Southern Coasts of Bali, Indonesia
    22
  • Strategy for Internationalizing Indonesian Higher Education Institutions to Enhance Global Competitiveness
    22
  • The Development of Social Forestry in Indonesia: Policy Implementation Review, 2007-2019
    21
  • Water Quality Assessment at Consumption Points in High School Campuses in the Province of Antique, Philippines
    20

Sub Menu

  • Contact
  • Publication Ethics & Malpractice Statement
  • Ethical Clearance
  • Aims and Scope
  • Editorial and Peer Reviewer Process
  • Editorial Team
  • Peer Reviewers
  • Author Guidelines
  • Copyright notice
  • Open Access Policy
  • Archiving
  • Indexing
  • Article Processing Charge
  • Publication Frequency
  • Privacy Statement
  • Plagiarism Policy
  • Citedness in Scopus Database

Information

For Author For Readers For Librarians

Statistics

Visit Google Scholar

Free counters!

Accreditation

  PDF



Contact Us

Phone: +62-21-31928280, 31928285, 31928279

Fax: +62 21 31928281

E-mail: journalpusbindiklatren@gmail.com



View My Stats

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license.
ISSN Internasional Centre | ISSN Online | ISSN Print